April - The Post Office introduces postmarks. The Irish Common Prayer Book (Leabhar na hUrnaí Coitinne) is published. Hopkins Grammar School is founded in New Haven Colony. Later to be known as the Society for Promoting and Improving Knowledge (SPIK). 28 November - At Gresham College in London, 12 men, including Christopher Wren, Robert Boyle, John Wilkins, and Sir Robert Moray meet after a lecture by Wren and decide to found "a College for the Promoting of Physico-Mathematical Experimental Learning". August - Return of Prince Rupert to England. August - Failed mutiny of army officials and troops in Jamaica. 23 April / 3 May – Treaty of Oliva: peace made between Swedish Empire, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Habsburgs and Brandenburg-Prussia. March - Fendall's Rebellion, against Lord Baltimore. Publication of The Use and Manner of the Ballot by James Harrington. Inauguration of Loftus College of the University of Dublin. First Esopus War (Sept 1659-July 1660 war between Dutch settlers of New Netherland against Esopus tribe). 7 November - Treaty of the Pyrenees between France and Spain ending the Franco-Spanish War (1635–59). November - Establishment of the Rota Club as a republican debate society founded and dominated by James Harrington. The House of Commons by a large majority recognizes proclamation and proceeds to call for the formal installation and oath. August - Henry Cromwell's first address to Parliament. July - Henry Cromwell nominates missing members needed to complete the total of 70 in the Other House. Also elected representatives of extreme sects (such as Fifth Monarchists) and crypto-cavaliers, Catholics (from Ireland), and Episcopalians. MPs to the House of Commons results in a solid majority of Cromwellian, followed by Presbyterians and an important minority faction of republican Commonwealthmen. Summer - Campaign and elections of the Third Protectorate Parliament. 31 May – The Netherlands, France and the Commonwealth sign the Treaty of The Hague. 14 January – Battle of the Lines of Elvas: The Portuguese beat the Spanish in the Portuguese Restoration War. Founding of the debate society The Rota Club. First Esopus War (Sept 1659-July 1660 war between Dutch settlers of New Netherland against the Esopus tribe). Tea first arrived in England, exported from China via Holland. 23 November - State Funeral of Oliver Cromwell at Westminster Abbey. 
12 November - Major-General John Lambert named President of the Protector's Privy Council. 4 September - The Protector's Privy Council issues proclamation of Henry Cromwell as Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland. 3 September - Death of Oliver Cromwell. Publication of The Prerogative of Popular Government by James Harrington. Northern War (1655-1660 Wars between Sweden and its adversaries). Henry Cromwell 2nd Lord Protector of the Commonwealth (1658-1696) (1658-1718, 9th to 69th Year of the Commonwealth) 5.8 1849 (200th Year of the Commonwealth). 4.35 1824 (175th Year of the Commonwealth). 4.10 1799 (150th Year of the Commonwealth). 3.14 1774 (125th Year of the Commonwealth). 2.25 1749 (100th Year of the Commonwealth). 2.6 1724 (75th Year of the Commonwealth). 
1.38 1699 (50th Year of the Commonwealth).1.17 1674 (25th Year of the Commonwealth Era ).
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